Jude: Fallen Angels & Exalted Citizens

What a strange little letter is the letter by Jude!  (Wikipedia has a brief description of the book here.) This letter, recognized as authoritative from the first and second centuries, is a brief warning against false teaching, followed by a summary of the work of the Savior-Messiah.

Jude 1-2, Greeting
Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James, To those who have been called, who are loved by God the Father and kept by Jesus Christ: Mercy, peace and love be yours in abundance.

If Jude is the brother of James, the author of the epistle of James, then he is also the brother of Jesus.

Jude 3-4, There are wolves among you
Dear friends, although I was very eager to write to you about the salvation we share, I felt I had to write and urge you to contend for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints. For certain men whose condemnation was written about long ago have secretly slipped in among you. They are godless men, who change the grace of our God into a license for immorality and deny Jesus Christ our only Sovereign and Lord.

This letter is motivated by people who have slipped into the local congregation and are attempting to turn the congregation away from Jesus. While Paul had to deal with "Judaizers", those insisting that Christians follow a strict form of Judaism, the concern here may be about people on the other end of the religious spectrum, those who claimed that grace and freedom give license. It is possible that some of these teachers would have followed a form of gnosticism prevalent in the first and second centuries.

Jude 5-7, Punishment for deceivers
Though you already know all this, I want to remind you that the Lord delivered his people out of Egypt, but later destroyed those who did not believe. And the angels who did not keep their positions of authority but abandoned their own home--these he has kept in darkness, bound with everlasting chains for judgment on the great Day. In a similar way, Sodom and Gomorrah and the surrounding towns gave themselves up to sexual immorality and perversion. They serve as an example of those who suffer the punishment of eternal fire.

Some early manuscripts give Jesus (in place of "the Lord") as the one who delivered his people out of Egypt.

Some discussion of the Old Testament passages on the fall of Satan and his angels are here and here.

Jude 8-11, The depravity of these false teachers
In the very same way, these dreamers pollute their own bodies, reject authority and slander celestial beings. But even the archangel Michael, when he was disputing with the devil about the body of Moses, did not dare to bring a slanderous accusation against him, but said, "The Lord rebuke you!"

Yet these men speak abusively against whatever they do not understand; and what things they do understand by instinct, like unreasoning animals--these are the very things that destroy them. Woe to them! They have taken the way of Cain; they have rushed for profit into Balaam's error; they have been destroyed in Korah's rebellion.

The dispute of Michael with the devil is an ancient Jewish legend, not found in the Old Testament passages.  This letter leans on Jewish stories about the fall of Satan and disputes between God and Satan (eg. Zechariah 3: 1-2, Job 1: 6-8.) Fallen angels are seen as tempting humans into debauchery and immorality, appearing to bring pleasure but seducing human beings into pain and suffering.

Jude 12-16, And their emptiness
These men are blemishes at your love feasts, eating with you without the slightest qualm--shepherds who feed only themselves. They are clouds without rain, blown along by the wind; autumn trees, without fruit and uprooted--twice dead. They are wild waves of the sea, foaming up their shame; wandering stars, for whom blackest darkness has been reserved forever.

Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied about these men: "See, the Lord is coming with thousands upon thousands of his holy ones to judge everyone, and to convict all the ungodly of all the ungodly acts they have done in the ungodly way, and of all the harsh words ungodly sinners have spoken against him." These men are grumblers and faultfinders; they follow their own evil desires; they boast about themselves and flatter others for their own advantage.

To those living in the desert, rain is a good thing. "Clouds without rain" is then an image of something which appears to bring refreshment but does not deliver. (Have you ever experienced a hot summer day in Texas and watch dark clouds form on the horizon? If, just as you are getting hopeful, the clouds disappear and the wind dies down, then you understand this metaphor!)

The quote about Enoch is from the apocryphal Book of Enoch, apparently read by Jews of the first century.

Jude 17-19, The last days
But, dear friends, remember what the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ foretold. They said to you, "In the last times there will be scoffers who will follow their own ungodly desires." These are the men who divide you, who follow mere natural instincts and do not have the Spirit.

The quote, "In the last times..." is close to I Timothy 4:1 and almost identical to II Peter 3:3.  It is likely that Jude is quoting from Peter's letter.

Jude 20-23, How we should act
But you, dear friends, build yourselves up in your most holy faith and pray in the Holy Spirit. Keep yourselves in God's love as you wait for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ to bring you to eternal life. Be merciful to those who doubt; snatch others from the fire and save them; to others show mercy, mixed with fear--hating even the clothing stained by corrupted flesh.

After a series of warnings, the letter turns to encouragement. Stay in God's love, help others.

Jude 24-25, Jesus, Messiah, Savior
To him who is able to keep you from falling and to present you before his glorious presence without fault and with great joy-- to the only God our Savior be glory, majesty, power and authority, through Jesus Christ our Lord, before all ages, now and forevermore! Amen.

The letter ends with a doxology, a praise chorus on the eternal power of Jesus, the Savior of humankind Who can present us to God with great joy!

Titus 3, Heirs of Hope

Paul emphasizes a consistent, balanced church life. He has some final words to Titus.

Titus 3: 1-2, Be good citizens

Remind the people to be subject to rulers and authorities, to be obedient, to be ready to do whatever is good, to slander no one, to be peaceable and considerate, and to show true humility toward all men.

Christians generally should not be a threat to their temporary country.  They are to be good citizens of whatever land they are in.

Titus 3: 3-8a, Recall the kindness of God and the change it brought!

At one time we too were foolish, disobedient, deceived and enslaved by all kinds of passions and pleasures. We lived in malice and envy, being hated and hating one another.

But when the kindness and love of God our Savior appeared, he saved us, not because of righteous things we had done, but because of his mercy. He saved us through the washing of rebirth and renewal by the Holy Spirit, whom he poured out on us generously through Jesus Christ our Savior, so that, having been justified by his grace, we might become heirs having the hope of eternal life. This is a trustworthy saying. 

Salvation comes out of love and mercy, not because we have obtained some type of religious rank.  It is implemented by the Holy Spirit, given freely and generously to make us part of an eternal family.

Titus 3: 8b-11, Stress God's goodness; avoid poisonous quarrels

And I want you to stress these things, so that those who have trusted in God may be careful to devote themselves to doing what is good. These things are excellent and profitable for everyone.

But avoid foolish controversies and genealogies and arguments and quarrels about the law, because these are unprofitable and useless. Warn a divisive person once, and then warn him a second time. After that, have nothing to do with him. You may be sure that such a man is warped and sinful; he is self-condemned.

We are to emphasize the wonderful work of God and move away from silly myths, folklore (and internet memes!)

There will always be some who want to fight, who want a controversy.  Paul suggests that one who wants to argue be confronted twice.  If that doesn't work, give up and move away from them.  It is important to recognize the poisonous individual and eventually one may just have to avoid him or her!

Titus 3: 12-14, Specific ministerial needs

As soon as I send Artemas or Tychicus to you, do your best to come to me at Nicopolis, because I have decided to winter there. 

Do everything you can to help Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on their way and see that they have everything they need.

Our people must learn to devote themselves to doing what is good, in order that they may provide for daily necessities and not live unproductive lives.

Paul describes his winter plans.  (Where does this fit into the Acts narrative?)  As part of the plans, he sends two travelers to Crete and asks Titus to then come to him. In Paul's instructions he mentions Zenas (not mentioned elsewhere in the New Testament) and Apollos (see Acts 18: 24-28.) Then Paul gives a generic instruction again about living productive lives.

Titus 3: 15,  Grace to you!

Everyone with me sends you greetings. Greet those who love us in the faith. Grace be with you all.

Paul ends his brief letter with a quick goodbye.

Titus 2, Teaching with Authority and Integrity

An important part of growing a church is creating a consistent caring community.  Paul emphasizes this while urging Titus to teach truth and sound doctrine.

Titus 2: 1-6, Training believers

You must teach what is in accord with sound doctrine.

Teach the older men to be temperate, worthy of respect, self-controlled, and sound in faith, in love and in endurance.

Likewise, teach the older women to be reverent in the way they live, not to be slanderers or addicted to much wine, but to teach what is good. Then they can train the younger women to love their husbands and children, to be self-controlled and pure, to be busy at home, to be kind, and to be subject to their husbands, so that no one will malign the word of God.

Similarly, encourage the young men to be self-controlled.

The church should display a certain consistency and maturity among the believers. Both older men and women are to set examples for those who are younger, both in age and in their faith.

Titus 2: 7-10, An example of integrity
In everything set them an example by doing what is good. In your teaching show integrity, seriousness and soundness of speech that cannot be condemned, so that those who oppose you may be ashamed because they have nothing bad to say about us.

Teach slaves to be subject to their masters in everything, to try to please them, not to talk back to them, and not to steal from them, but to show that they can be fully trusted, so that in every way they will make the teaching about God our Savior attractive.

Titus is to be the ultimate example of maturity and faith.  His teaching is to "show integrity".  It would not be manipulative or self-promoting.

Once again we have instructions to slaves that is not radical, but within the social norms.  The primary goal of the gospel is to change hearts and lives, and so there is no attempt to here to overthrow the first century culture of slavery.

Titus 2: 11-14, Living upright lives in the present age

For the grace of God that brings salvation has appeared to all men. It teaches us to say "No" to ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright and godly lives in this present age, while we wait for the blessed hope--the glorious appearing of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ, who gave himself for us to redeem us from all wickedness and to purify for himself a people that are his very own, eager to do what is good.

God's grace should be obvious in our own lives and hearts.  The life of a Jesus-follower includes a certain future expectation of an eternal kingdom.

Titus 2: 15, Teach with authority

These, then, are the things you should teach. Encourage and rebuke with all authority. Do not let anyone despise you.

Titus is to be a teacher, speaking with confidence and authority. This emphasis on confidence and authority echoes instructions to Timothy.

Titus 1, Setting up a Church in Crete

Titus was a longtime companion of Paul and apparently left by Paul to minister in Crete. (Wikipedia has an article on "Saint Titus".)

Paul's letter to Titus is the third "pastoral epistle" in the New Testament.  Like the two letters to Timothy, it speaks to a close colleague on pastoral care and ministry.

Titus 1: 1-4, A servant of the eternal God

Paul, a servant of God and an apostle of Jesus Christ for the faith of God's elect and the knowledge of the truth that leads to godliness--a faith and knowledge resting on the hope of eternal life, which God, who does not lie, promised before the beginning of time, and at his appointed season he brought his word to light through the preaching entrusted to me by the command of God our Savior,

To Titus, my true son in our common faith: Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior.

This greeting is lengthier than most, spending some time praising God by listing God's attributes and plans, making it clear the church in Crete is part of this plan.

Titus 1: 5-9, Setting up the church in Crete

The reason I left you in Crete was that you might straighten out what was left unfinished and appoint elders in every town, as I directed you.

An elder must be blameless, the husband of but one wife, a man whose children believe and are not open to the charge of being wild and disobedient. Since an overseer is entrusted with God's work, he must be blameless--not overbearing, not quick-tempered, not given to drunkenness, not violent, not pursuing dishonest gain.

Rather he must be hospitable, one who loves what is good, who is self-controlled, upright, holy and disciplined. He must hold firmly to the trustworthy message as it has been taught, so that he can encourage others by sound doctrine and refute those who oppose it.

This echoes advice also given to Timothy (I Timothy 3: 1-13) about establishing the church using mature consistent believers who have demonstrated their trustworthiness.

Titus 1: 10-12, The emphasis on circumcision persists.

For there are many rebellious people, mere talkers and deceivers, especially those of the circumcision group. They must be silenced, because they are ruining whole households by teaching things they ought not to teach--and that for the sake of dishonest gain. 

Even one of their own prophets has said, "Cretans are always liars, evil brutes, lazy gluttons."

The Cretan quote was deliberately self-referential, originating from the Cretan philosopher Epimedes. (See the Epimedes paradox.)  It is equivalent to the statement, "This sentence is false."  Presumably Paul sees the philosophical paradox but is using this quote to make a very different point about the reputation of the Cretans for dishonesty.

Titus 1: 13-14, Honesty and sound faith

This testimony is true. Therefore, rebuke them sharply, so that they will be sound in the faith and will pay no attention to Jewish myths or to the commands of those who reject the truth.

Whether Cretans lied more than other cultures, I will not speculate. But every culture has aspects of dishonesty and deception and a minister and congregation need to take care that that those practices not invade the church.

Titus 1: 15-16, Purity in faith

To the pure, all things are pure, but to those who are corrupted and do not believe, nothing is pure. In fact, both their minds and consciences are corrupted. They claim to know God, but by their actions they deny him.  They are detestable, disobedient and unfit for doing anything good.

Those of the circumcision consistently emphasized legalism and rigid rules.  But a corrupt circumcised man was still corrupt; a righteous uncircumcised man is still righteous.

In the next chapter Paul gives advice on creating a stable and faithful congregation.

II Timothy 4, A Drink Offering

A drink offering is a liquid drink (often wine) poured over the altar as part of the sacrifice.  In this final part of his letter to Timothy, Paul sees his life as a drink offering, being completed soon as a sacrifice to God.

2 Timothy 4: 1-5, Sound doctrine

In the presence of God and of Christ Jesus, who will judge the living and the dead, and in view of his appearing and his kingdom, I give you this charge: Preach the Word; be prepared in season and out of season; correct, rebuke and encourage--with great patience and careful instruction.  For the time will come when men will not put up with sound doctrine. Instead, to suit their own desires, they will gather around them a great number of teachers to say what their itching ears want to hear.  They will turn their ears away from the truth and turn aside to myths.

But you, keep your head in all situations, endure hardship, do the work of an evangelist, discharge all the duties of your ministry.

Paul has an eternal perspective here, aware that Jesus will some day complete everything begun in Genesis 1, and has some final focus points for his younger friend.  Focus on Christ and "sound doctrine", understanding correctly the universe and the kingdom of its Creator.  This is not easy to do and Timothy is warned of the temptation to look elsewhere.

2 Timothy 4: 6-8, A drink offering and the crown of righteousness

For I am already being poured out like a drink offering, and the time has come for my departure. I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith. Now there is in store for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award to me on that day--and not only to me, but also to all who have longed for his appearing.

Paul sees his death approaching, either by the weaknesses of old age or at the hands of the Romans. (Tradition says that Paul was executed by emperor Nero.) Regardless of the approach of death, Paul sees past it to a wondrous reward.

2 Timothy 4: 9-13, A few requests

Do your best to come to me quickly, for Demas, because he loved this world, has deserted me and has gone to Thessalonica. Crescens has gone to Galatia, and Titus to Dalmatia. Only Luke is with me. Get Mark and bring him with you, because he is helpful to me in my ministry.

I sent Tychicus to Ephesus. When you come, bring the cloak that I left with Carpus at Troas, and my scrolls, especially the parchments.

Paul is lonely, probably a little discouraged.  He wants the encouragement of companions like Luke and Mark. Recall that Paul earlier sent Mark away, unhappy with Mark's actions in the first missionary journey. (See Acts 15:36-41.)  Clearly Mark has redeemed himself.

Paul is also cold and winter is coming.  He wants his cloak and his scrolls.  (What I would give to look at those ancient scrolls!  Surely they were copies of the Old Testament, possibly marked up and commented on?)

2 Timothy 4: 14-18, 

Alexander the metalworker did me a great deal of harm. The Lord will repay him for what he has done. You too should be on your guard against him, because he strongly opposed our message. At my first defense, no one came to my support, but everyone deserted me. May it not be held against them. But the Lord stood at my side and gave me strength, so that through me the message might be fully proclaimed and all the Gentiles might hear it. And I was delivered from the lion's mouth.

The Lord will rescue me from every evil attack and will bring me safely to his heavenly kingdom. To him be glory for ever and ever. Amen.

Alexander appears to have been an individual in Ephesus who opposed and attacked Paul. The fact that Timothy is being warned about him would indicate that Alexander outwardly claims to be a believer and is attempting to undermine Paul. Presumably this is the same Alexander mentioned in I Timothy 1:20.

2 Timothy 4: 19-22, Come before winter!

Greet Priscilla and Aquila and the household of Onesiphorus.

Erastus stayed in Corinth, and I left Trophimus sick in Miletus.

Do your best to get here before winter. 

Eubulus greets you, and so do Pudens, Linus, Claudia and all the brothers.

The Lord be with your spirit. Grace be with you.

Paul ends his letter with a few more short requests.  It is probably autumn and getting colder. Priscilla and Aquila have been active apostles with Paul for sometime and are obviously a strong couple. There are a few final greetings, followed by a quick goodbye.

II Timothy 3, The Last Days

Paul has described the consistency of the pastor rooted in Scripture and truth.  Now he turns towards a longterm view of his work and the age to come.

2 Timothy 3: 1-9, The people of the last days

But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days. People will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy, without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good, treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God-- having a form of godliness but denying its power. 

Have nothing to do with them. They are the kind who worm their way into homes and gain control over weak-willed women, who are loaded down with sins and are swayed by all kinds of evil desires, always learning but never able to acknowledge the truth. Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so also these men oppose the truth--men of depraved minds, who, as far as the faith is concerned, are rejected. But they will not get very far because, as in the case of those men, their folly will be clear to everyone.

Paul sees the last days as stretching from the ascension of Jesus on to the return of the Messiah.  Paul warns of people who pretend to be godly but have no real spiritual depth.  Shallow but attractive, Paul warns Timothy away from people like them.  He lists two examples from the days of Moses and has listed others from his own life elsewhere in this letter.  It would be tempting to try and list similar people today, but that is an easy game and misses the point.

2 Timothy 3: 10-13, Persecution and growth

You, however, know all about my teaching, my way of life, my purpose, faith, patience, love, endurance,  persecutions, sufferings--what kinds of things happened to me in Antioch, Iconium and Lystra, the persecutions I endured. Yet the Lord rescued me from all of them. In fact, everyone who wants to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted, while evil men and impostors will go from bad to worse, deceiving and being deceived.

Spiritual depth includes persecution of some type. Paul has many many examples from his own life and alerts Timothy.

2 Timothy 3: 14-17, But you will continue and grow
But as for you, continue in what you have learned and have become convinced of, because you know those from whom you learned it,  and how from infancy you have known the holy Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus.

All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.

The Scriptures of which Paul speaks here is the Old Testament.  He has committed himself to studying those scriptures and is convinced that they are "God-breathed" -- a valuable message from God sent to guide and train Jesus-followers.

II Timothy 2, Gentle Teaching, Careful Instruction

Paul advises Timothy on continuing his ministry as a "soldier" of the Messiah.

2 Timothy 2: 1-2, Qualified teachers

You then, my son, be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus. And the things you have heard me say in the presence of many witnesses entrust to reliable men who will also be qualified to teach others.

These two verses include some basic principles: build a community of consistent, reliable teachers who then teach others.  Teach teachers who teach teachers....

2 Timothy 2: 3-7, Focus on the crown!

Endure hardship with us like a good soldier of Christ Jesus. No one serving as a soldier gets involved in civilian affairs--he wants to please his commanding officer. Similarly, if anyone competes as an athlete, he does not receive the victor's crown unless he competes according to the rules. The hardworking farmer should be the first to receive a share of the crops.

Reflect on what I am saying, for the Lord will give you insight into all this.

This paragraph seems to be a series of short proverbs. Don't get involved in trivial matters -- stay focused on the goal!  The last proverb seems to be a simple principle about fair treatment of ministers, similar (possibly ?) to the one about not muzzling the ox threshing grain.

2 Timothy 2: 8-10, Messiah Jesus, raised from the dead!

Remember Jesus Christ, raised from the dead, descended from David. This is my gospel,  for which I am suffering even to the point of being chained like a criminal. But God's word is not chained.  Therefore I endure everything for the sake of the elect, that they too may obtain the salvation that is in Christ Jesus, with eternal glory.

Ultimately the "victor's crown" involves relying on the risen Messiah, future king, descendant of past king David.  This assures us that any suffering is temporary.

2 Timothy 2: 11-13, Remain faithful

Here is a trustworthy saying: 
  If we died with him, we will also live with him;
  if we endure, we will also reign with him. 
  If we disown him, he will also disown us;
  if we are faithless, he will remain faithful, for he cannot disown himself.

Humans are fickle.  God is not.

2 Timothy 2: 14-15, Approved workman, not quarreling words

Keep reminding them of these things. Warn them before God against quarreling about words; it is of no value, and only ruins those who listen.   

Do your best to present yourself to God as one approved, a workman who does not need to be ashamed and who correctly handles the word of truth.

Timothy is to focus on Truth and correct understanding of God's work.  As previously, Paul warns against petty squabbles and gossip.  Verse 15 represents a clear goal for training people in the ministry.  In this country, such training motivated the founding of universities and seminaries, such as Harvard in the seventeenth century.

2 Timothy 2:16-18, Godless chatter and speculation

Avoid godless chatter, because those who indulge in it will become more and more ungodly. Their teaching will spread like gangrene. Among them are Hymenaeus and Philetus, who have wandered away from the truth. They say that the resurrection has already taken place, and they destroy the faith of some.

There are some who read the National Enquirer (or similar publications), speculating on bizarre and unproven things. There are some who enjoy gossip. Paul names two who have suggested that the resurrection has already come!

2 Timothy 2: 19-22, God's solid foundation

Nevertheless, God's solid foundation stands firm, sealed with this inscription: "The Lord knows those who are his," and, "Everyone who confesses the name of the Lord must turn away from wickedness."

In a large house there are articles not only of gold and silver, but also of wood and clay; some are for noble purposes and some for ignoble. If a man cleanses himself from the latter, he will be an instrument for noble purposes, made holy, useful to the Master and prepared to do any good work.  Flee the evil desires of youth, and pursue righteousness, faith, love and peace, along with those who call on the Lord out of a pure heart.

Paul gives two quotes about relying on God. The first quote is from Num. 16:5 (Septuagint).  The source of the second quotation is unclear.  It may simply be a summary of Old Testament concepts (such as the Ten Commandments.)  Paul uses a wealthy house as a metaphor for those in God's kingdom and encourages Timothy to be one of the "useful instruments", a glove used by God for great things.

2 Timothy 2: 23-26, Gently instruct; don't quarrel

Don't have anything to do with foolish and stupid arguments, because you know they produce quarrels. And the Lord's servant must not quarrel; instead, he must be kind to everyone, able to teach, not resentful.

Those who oppose him he must gently instruct, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth, and that they will come to their senses and escape from the trap of the devil, who has taken them captive to do his will.

Again, Timothy is to gently teach and avoid quarreling.