A Few Praise Passages from Revelation

Looking more at Revelation, I have collected some adoration & praise passages

Revelation 1: 5b-8
To him who loves us and has freed us from our sins by his blood, and has made us to be a kingdom and priests to serve his God and Father--to him be glory and power for ever and ever! Amen.

Look, he is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see him, even those who pierced him; and all the peoples of the earth will mourn because of him. So shall it be! Amen.

"I am the Alpha and the Omega," says the Lord God, "who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty."

Revelation gives a long overarching vision of history, begun and ended by the eternal Creator.

Revelation 1: 18
I am the Living One; I was dead, and behold I am alive for ever and ever! And I hold the keys of death and Hades.

The Living One experienced even death and now controls all sin and death.

Revelation 4: 11
"You are worthy, our Lord and God, to receive glory and honor and power, for you created all things, and by your will they were created and have their being."

A simple praise chorus based on the creative character of God.

Revelation 5: 9-10

And they sang a new song:
"You are worthy to take the scroll and to open its seals, because you were slain, and with your blood you purchased men for God from every tribe and language and people and nation. You have made them to be a kingdom and priests to serve our God, and they will reign on the earth."

Again, the praise leans on the willing sacrifice of the Lamb.  Notice the diversity of the Kingdom of God, purchasing from death men and women of every tribe, language, people, nation. 

Revelation 5:12

In a loud voice they sang:
"Worthy is the Lamb, who was slain, to receive power and wealth and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and praise!"

Praising the slain Lamb.

Revelation 7: 10-12
And they cried out in a loud voice: "Salvation belongs to our God, who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb."

All the angels were standing around the throne and around the elders and the four living creatures. They fell down on their faces before the throne and worshiped God, saying:

"Amen! Praise and glory and wisdom and thanks and honor and power and strength be to our God for ever and ever. Amen!"

The Lamb reigns forever!

Revelation 7: 15-17
Therefore,
"they are before the throne of God and serve him day and night in his temple; and he who sits on the throne will spread his tent over them. 16 Never again will they hunger; never again will they thirst. The sun will not beat upon them, nor any scorching heat. For the Lamb at the center of the throne will be their shepherd; he will lead them to springs of living water. And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes."

I look forward to the time when God wipes away every tear.

Revelation 19: 1-4

After this I heard what sounded like the roar of a great multitude in heaven shouting: "Hallelujah! Salvation and glory and power belong to our God, for true and just are his judgments. He has condemned the great prostitute who corrupted the earth by her adulteries. He has avenged on her the blood of his servants."  

And again they shouted: "Hallelujah! The smoke from her goes up for ever and ever." 

The twenty-four elders and the four living creatures fell down and worshiped God, who was seated on the throne. And they cried: "Amen, Hallelujah!" 

A time of reckoning, justice, and praise.  The praise focuses on the longterm, eternal reign.

Rejoice!

Identifying the Antichrist

The book of Revelation, especially the 13th chapter, warns of a beast who acts as a puppet of Satan. Many have attempted, over the last 2000 years, to identify the antichrist.

Who is the antichrist? Is there just one? (I John 2:18 suggests there are many antichrists.) Attempts to identify the antichrist as a particular individual generally involve two assumptions: that the events described in Revelation 4-19 allude to a short historical time and that one is living in that time.

After reading through the book of Revelation, imagine this. In the far future, some people, maybe refugees hiding in caves, discussing a world leader. As they discuss this individual, they list the following facts:

1. He rules one of the most powerful nations of all time. 
2. He rises to power during a time of hyperinflation that destroys everyone's savings. (Workers ask to be paid in the morning so they can immediately go buy bread; the price of bread might double by the end of the day!)
3. He makes claims to be Christ & encourages a private cult of worshipers. 
4. He claims to be the emperor of a resurrected Roman Empire. 
5. He claims his Roman Empire will last a millennium. 
6. He has, as personal supporter ("false prophet"), the ruler of Italy (and Rome). 
7. He introduces an anti-Christian "broken cross" to symbolize his regime. 
8. He believes he has a supernatural calling to destroy all descendants of Israel. 
9. Many of his counselors and governors are committed to astrology and the occult. 
10. He sets up a fake Christian church (the "Protestant Empire Church") which he controls. 
11. He martyrs many Christians, beheading some of them.
12. He engulfs the entire world in a cataclysmic war in which millions die. From the point of view of some of his opponents (and victims) this war lasts 3 1/2 years. 

If one views Revelation as a description of historical, chronological events, then it might be easy to agree with these refugees that they have indeed identified the antichrist.  Yet the description, above, describes Adolf Hitler. (His thousand year empire was called the Reich and so the church he created was often called the Reich Church.)

If there is a single antichrist, then Hitler was not it. But if the book of Revelation describes themes that cycle through history, then there have been a number of antichrists and Hitler would surely be one of them. In this case, there will be more.

If most of the book of Revelation is about a single short period of time (the Great Tribulation, spanning seven years?) then that part of the book has little value for the millions of Christians who have read it across the ages.  But if the book of Revelation is about certain themes that cycle throughout world history, then the image of Christ and the reassurances the book provides, these are all of value to the many Christians caught in the rein of this or that antichrist.  The Christians suffering in Nazi Germany could be reassured that their antichrist would eventually fall and that God was ultimately in control.  Similar assurances are offered to the Christians under the past massacres of Stalin or Mao or the current massacres by ISIS.

The Mark of the Beast

Today I look at the number 666, the so-called Mark of the Beast. The first half of this post is serious and scholarly.  But the second half is not....

The Greek Numeral System

The single number, 666, appearing in Revelation 13:18, has stimulated untold attempts to specifically link an individual to The Antichrist (or "beast") of Revelation. Although the NIV footnotes say that the Greek text allows this number to be assigned to "mankind", not necessarily to a particular "man", for two thousand years people have attempted to identify this number.

There is some mathematical history behind all of this.  The Greeks used the letters of their alphabet as their number system, so that the first letter, alpha (α) stood for 1, the second letter, beta (β), stood for 2, and so on, up through iota (ι) which stood for 10.  After that, the values of the letters jumped by ten, so that the next letter after iota, kappa (κ) was assigned the value 20, lambda (λ) was 30 and so on, until reaching 100 with the letter rho (ρ). At this point, the numerical values of the individual letters jumped again, increasing by one hundred each time, going from sigma (σ), equal to 200, to omega (ω) equal to 800.  To make all this work, the Greeks dug up some ancient letters so that san (ϡ) represented 900. To count past 1000, the Greeks re-used the letters with additional markings (see here.)

In the passage in Revelation, the Greek number is the three letters, χξϛ, which is translated into English as 666.

One of the effects of the alphabet also playing the role of the numerical system is that every word then has a numerical value. (Replace each letter by the equivalent numeral and then add them up. This is isopsephy.) So the Greeks often played a game, replacing one's name with the associated number. Friends shared their numbers with each other and did computations to see if they were compatible. (See amicable numbers, for example.) When a boy was infatuated with a girl, he might scribble his loved one's number on his slate or in the dirt.  Scrawled in the ruins of Pompeii is a Greek sentence that translates as "I love her whose number is 545."

In this way, the Greek transliteration of the Hebrew name Jesus (Yeshua, Joshua), written as

ι η σ ο υ σ

(iota-eta-sigma-omicron-upsilon-sigma),

had value 10+8+200+70+400+200 = 888. If the number 7 represented perfection (for example, according to Genesis 1, the world was created in 7 days), then 8 was even greater and the number 888 represented one beyond perfection (777).

If this seems strange to us, the number 8 in Chinese numerology represents good luck and the number 888 represents triple fortune.  Google "888" and you will find a list of Chinese restaurants and take-outs! (There is one near you....)

So if Jesus is 888 and if 7 (or 777) represents perfection, then 6 represented falling short of perfection and so represents failure and evil. Therefore 666 is triply evil!

Apparently the Hebrew version of the Greek name, Caesar Nero, added up to 666, but to get that count, one had to translate the Greek into Hebrew and then use an equivalent number system in Hebrew. And this also required that one use an unusual spelling of Caesar and go from Greek to Hebrew to reach the Greek number  χξϛ. (Merrill Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, p. 19.) For some of us (including Merrill Tenney) this is a bit of a stretch.

If English were Greek

We can play this game in English. The Greeks used their alphabet as the number system. If the modern alphabet were also used as our number system, in the same manner that the Greeks did, here is how it would be used:

A=1

B=2

C=3

...

I=9

J=10 

(now we begin to jump by ten at each letter)

K=20

...

R=90

S=100 

(now we begin to jump by one hundred at each letter)

T=200

U=300

...

Y=700

Z=800

We would write numbers using the various letters, writing 666 as xof. (We might write the year 2016 using a capital letters to represent multiples of 1000, so that 2016 is B (2000) + j (10) + f (6); thus 2016 = Bjf. Similarly 2017 = Bjg.)

But since letters have a second function as numerals, each English word could then be assigned a number, the sum of the numbers associated with the letters of the word. For example, my name, Ken Smith, would be (20+5+50)+(100+40+9+200+8) = 432. So, if my students wanted to grumble about me secretly, they might say, "Old 4-3-2 gave a hard exam, didn't he?" (Still, I am not the beast!  Even if I use my full name, Kenneth Smith, it comes out to 695.)

We could play this game with English names, hunting for a name adding up to 666.  But I have been unsuccessful in making this work. Pick your villain, none of the names add up to 666.  Adolph Hitler is 443, Ronald Reagan is 389, Barack Obama is 231, Donald Trump is 814.

Of course, 666 could be interpreted differently.  For example, Ronald Wilson Reagan has 6,6,6 letters in each name. But evangelicals Christians in the 1980s seemed to want to view Kissinger (339), not Reagan, as the antichrist!

Of course, maybe this is just making the problem too complicated.  If xof represents 666, then so does fox.  So Fox is the beast!

You heard it first here!!  The beast that helps the antichrist is (drumroll)

Fox News!

:-)

Revelation 22, The Tree of Life

The next journey is now at hand.

Revelation 22: 1-5, The river and tree of life

Then the angel showed me the river of the water of life, as clear as crystal, flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb down the middle of the great street of the city. On each side of the river stood the tree of life, bearing twelve crops of fruit, yielding its fruit every month. And the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations.  No longer will there be any curse. The throne of God and of the Lamb will be in the city, and his servants will serve him.  They will see his face, and his name will be on their foreheads. 

There will be no more night. They will not need the light of a lamp or the light of the sun, for the Lord God will give them light. And they will reign for ever and ever. 

In the New City, the tree of life grows, providing healing.  The curse of the Fall is gone.  (Where have we seen the tree of life before?  What was the issue then?  See Genesis 3:22.) In this case, we are all invited to partake of the Tree of Life, moving on as immortals in some eternal plan of the Creator of the Universe.

Once again, it is stressed that we will not need any more lights.  This seems strange to us… but surely it different for them back then, with darkness and night a difficult time.

At this point the vision is essentially over.  We now have some last instructions.

Revelation 22: 6-11, Final warnings and blessings

The angel said to me, "These words are trustworthy and true. The Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets, sent his angel to show his servants the things that must soon take place."  

"Behold, I am coming soon! Blessed is he who keeps the words of the prophecy in this book." 

I, John, am the one who heard and saw these things. And when I had heard and seen them, I fell down to worship at the feet of the angel who had been showing them to me.  But he said to me, "Do not do it! I am a fellow servant with you and with your brothers the prophets and of all who keep the words of this book. Worship God!" 

Then he told me, "Do not seal up the words of the prophecy of this book, because the time is near.  Let him who does wrong continue to do wrong; let him who is vile continue to be vile; let him who does right continue to do right; and let him who is holy continue to be holy." 

Once again, John is tempted to worship the messenger.

What warning is there regarding this book? Why?

What do these last sentence mean?  Why is the one who is "vile" to "continue to be vile"?

Revelation 22: 12-16, Jesus' invitation

"Behold, I am coming soon! My reward is with me, and I will give to everyone according to what he has done.  I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End.  

"Blessed are those who wash their robes, that they may have the right to the tree of life and may go through the gates into the city.  Outside are the dogs, those who practice magic arts, the sexually immoral, the murderers, the idolaters and everyone who loves and practices falsehood.  

"I, Jesus, have sent my angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, and the bright Morning Star." 

John provides us with one final chorus, one more statement about the One in charge of all creation, described here as the "First and Last", "Alpha and Omega," the "Root of ... David" (that is, the promised Messiah.) 

Revelation 22: 17, Jesus, Water of Life

The Spirit and the bride say, "Come!" 

And let him who hears say, "Come!" 

Whoever is thirsty, let him come; and whoever wishes, let him take the free gift of the water of life. 

Who is the bride here?

Who has right to the tree of life? Invitations to others to "come" and "take" occur throughout John's writings, emphasizing God's gift of friendship and eternal purpose.

Revelation 22: 18-19, Warning

I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: If anyone adds anything to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book.  And if anyone takes words away from this book of prophecy, God will take away from him his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book. 

Again, some more warnings about the book! What does it mean for God to take away his share in the tree of life?  How does this agree with our understanding of salvation?

Revelation 22: 20-21, Coming soon

He who testifies to these things says, "Yes, I am coming soon." 

Amen. Come, Lord Jesus.  

The grace of the Lord Jesus be with God's people. Amen. 

Amen!  A fitting end for this book.  Return quickly, Jesus.  Even if you (like Aslan) call all times "soon", we poor mortal do not.

For further thought: Little is said about the true nature of Eternity. What will it be like? If there was work in Eden before the fall and if there is a new heaven and new earth described here, then what will be the goals and mission of the members of this new city?

Revelation 21, New Heaven and Earth

After the white throne judgement and the lake of fire, the universe is started anew, with a purpose far beyond the mere Paradise in Genesis.

Revelation 21: 1-4, The new heaven and the new earth

Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and there was no longer any sea.  I saw the Holy City, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride beautifully dressed for her husband. 

And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, "Now the dwelling of God is with men, and he will live with them. They will be his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God.  He will wipe every tear from their eyes. There will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away." 

Why the remark about the sea? (As Tim Hall commented earlier, on a different passage, the sea most likely represents chaos and fear.) Finally we begin to undo the result of the Fall, reversing it and then going past it to better things.

The holy city is described as the New Jerusalem and the "bride" of God.  (In Rev 19:7 the bride is presumably the Church, the people of God.)

Note, in this chapter and the next, the many promises which come with the new city.  This New Jerusalem is not the angels-and-harps stereotype prevalent in many churches. The location is not some far away place in the sky, but on a new physical earth, within a new universe.

Revelation 21: 5-8, All things new!

He who was seated on the throne said, "I am making everything new!" Then he said, "Write this down, for these words are trustworthy and true." 

He said to me: "It is done. I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. To him who is thirsty I will give to drink without cost from the spring of the water of life.  He who overcomes will inherit all this, and I will be his God and he will be my son. But the cowardly, the unbelieving, the vile, the murderers, the sexually immoral, those who practice magic arts, the idolaters and all liars--their place will be in the fiery lake of burning sulfur. This is the second death." 

The Alpha and Omega says that we should continue in drinking from the water of life, enduring through the pain, to inherit this coming kingdom.

What does it mean to make all things new?  Heaven will not merely undo the Fall but go beyond it.

The judgement for those who persisted in sin is dismissal into the "second death".

Revelation 21: 9-10, The new City

One of the seven angels who had the seven bowls full of the seven last plagues came and said to me, "Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb."  And he carried me away in the Spirit to a mountain great and high, and showed me the Holy City, Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God.  

Again, the New Jerusalem is called the Bride of the Lamb.  Throughout the New Testament, the "bride" of God has been a community, the universal church of believers, making up the new kingdom of God. Is it this community that is being described here?

Revelation 21: 11-21, Description of the new Jerusalem

It shone with the glory of God, and its brilliance was like that of a very precious jewel, like a jasper, clear as crystal. 

It had a great, high wall with twelve gates, and with twelve angels at the gates. On the gates were written the names of the twelve tribes of Israel.  There were three gates on the east, three on the north, three on the south and three on the west.  The wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them were the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.  

The angel who talked with me had a measuring rod of gold to measure the city, its gates and its walls.  The city was laid out like a square, as long as it was wide. He measured the city with the rod and found it to be 12,000 stadia in length, and as wide and high as it is long.  He measured its wall and it was 144 cubits thick by man's measurement, which the angel was using.  The wall was made of jasper, and the city of pure gold, as pure as glass.  

The foundations of the city walls were decorated with every kind of precious stone. The first foundation was jasper, the second sapphire, the third chalcedony, the fourth emerald,  the fifth sardonyx, the sixth carnelian, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth chrysoprase, the eleventh jacinth, and the twelfth amethyst.  The twelve gates were twelve pearls, each gate made of a single pearl. The great street of the city was of pure gold, like transparent glass. 

The city is described as large, dramatic, over a thousand mile across. It bears gates and foundations that reflect the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve closest followers of Jesus, emphasizing a historical continuity with the Messianic promises to Israel.

What would have been the reaction of John's readers to this description? How do these measurements compare with the world of John's day?

From the NIV footnotes: 12,000 stadia is, about 1,400 miles (about 2,200 kilometers); 144 cubits is about 200 feet (about 65 meters) and the precise identification of some of these precious stones is uncertain.

Revelation 21: 22-27, The new temple

I did not see a temple in the city, because the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple.  The city does not need the sun or the moon to shine on it, for the glory of God gives it light, and the Lamb is its lamp.  

The nations will walk by its light, and the kings of the earth will bring their splendor into it.  On no day will its gates ever be shut, for there will be no night there.  The glory and honor of the nations will be brought into it.  Nothing impure will ever enter it, nor will anyone who does what is shameful or deceitful, but only those whose names are written in the Lamb's book of life.

This new city needs no temple and no lights, as God provides it all.

Contrast the statement of the "glory & honor of the nations" with the laments about Babylon in chapter 18.

What is the requirement for city membership? What will happen to the nations?  (It won't happen before this time!)

Revelation 20, The Millennium

The armies of Babylon have been destroyed and the people of God invited to a wedding banquet.

Revelation 20: 1-3, The devil thrown into the Abyss

And I saw an angel coming down out of heaven, having the key to the Abyss and holding in his hand a great chain.  He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the devil, or Satan, and bound him for a thousand years.  He threw him into the Abyss, and locked and sealed it over him, to keep him from deceiving the nations anymore until the thousand years were ended. After that, he must be set free for a short time. 

In the midst of the destruction of Babylon, we have Satan thrown into an abyss. Why isn't the devil completely destroyed?  Why must he be set free for a short time?

There is a cyclical structure to the last few chapters, with Babylon or Satan defeated, only to be discussed again and defeated again.

Revelation 20: 4-6, The first resurrection & the Millennium

I saw thrones on which were seated those who had been given authority to judge. And I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded because of their testimony for Jesus and because of the word of God. They had not worshiped the beast or his image and had not received his mark on their foreheads or their hands. They came to life and reigned with Christ a thousand years.  (The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended.) This is the first resurrection. 

Blessed and holy are those who have part in the first resurrection. The second death has no power over them, but they will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with him for a thousand years. 

There appears to be two resurrections, one a thousand years later. Why is there a millennium?  Are all Christians part of this group?  Or just those who have been martyred? A lot is left unsaid....

What is the second death?  

Revelation 20: 7-10, One last try

When the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the earth--Gog and Magog--to gather them for battle. In number they are like the sand on the seashore.  They marched across the breadth of the earth and surrounded the camp of God's people, the city he loves. But fire came down from heaven and devoured them.  And the devil, who deceived them, was thrown into the lake of burning sulfur, where the beast and the false prophet had been thrown. They will be tormented day and night for ever and ever. 

The thousand years pass in a single sentence.  Satan is given one last chance.  Then he is tossed into eternal fire. (Why must it be eternal?  Why is he tortured forever?)

Gog and Magog occur in a prophesy of Ezekiel.  See Ezekiel 38-39.  Here they seem to represent the nations that have always been resistant to God.

Revelation 20: 11-15, The great white throne

Then I saw a great white throne and him who was seated on it. Earth and sky fled from his presence, and there was no place for them.  

And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne, and books were opened. Another book was opened, which is the book of life. The dead were judged according to what they had done as recorded in the books.  The sea gave up the dead that were in it, and death and Hades gave up the dead that were in them, and each person was judged according to what he had done. 

Then death and Hades were thrown into the lake of fire. The lake of fire is the second death.  If anyone's name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire.

A final judgement occurs before a great white throne. Although the Messiah Jesus brings salvation as a gift, through God's grade (Ephesians 2: 8-9) this judgement is based on what one has done in their life.

The judgement includes a Book of Life ... and apparently names are either in the book or not....

What will Hell be like?  Are souls destroyed in this burning lake? Is there a reason for people to stand before the throne? Do they get to react to God and Eternity?  Again, the passage is quick and cryptic. One suspects that not even the author had details -- or that details are not important.

The next chapter is much more uplifting to me, for it is about what happens after the earth and sky are dismissed!

Revelation 19, The Last Battle

Babylon has been destroyed and the earth laments the passing of its great decadent city. Now the final battle is at hand.

Revelation 19: 1-5, Rejoice!

After this I heard what sounded like the roar of a great multitude in heaven shouting: "Hallelujah! Salvation and glory and power belong to our God, for true and just are his judgments. He has condemned the great prostitute who corrupted the earth by her adulteries. He has avenged on her the blood of his servants."

And again they shouted: "Hallelujah! The smoke from her goes up for ever and ever." 

The twenty-four elders and the four living creatures fell down and worshiped God, who was seated on the throne. And they cried: "Amen, Hallelujah!" 

Then a voice came from the throne, saying: "Praise our God, all you his servants, you who fear him, both small and great!" 

Restoration begins with condemnation of the prostitute world system of Babylon. The citizens of heaven rejoice in the demise of this system and look forward to the system that will replace it.

Revelation 19: 6-8, The wedding supper announced

Then I heard what sounded like a great multitude, like the roar of rushing waters and like loud peals of thunder, shouting: "Hallelujah! For our Lord God Almighty reigns. Let us rejoice and be glad and give him glory! For the wedding of the Lamb has come, and his bride has made herself ready.  Fine linen, bright and clean, was given her to wear." (Fine linen stands for the righteous acts of the saints.) 

There is to be a wedding banquet in heaven and millions are invited.

Revelation 19: 9-10, Invitation to the wedding

Then the angel said to me, "Write: `Blessed are those who are invited to the wedding supper of the Lamb!'" And he added, "These are the true words of God." 

At this I fell at his feet to worship him. But he said to me, "Do not do it! I am a fellow servant with you and with your brothers who hold to the testimony of Jesus. Worship God! For the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy." 

All the citizens of the kingdom of God are invited to this supper. John is overjoyed enough to start to worship the angel and is warned away. (This seems to be a strange act for such a devout Jew as John!) The angel identifies himself as a "fellow servant" of Jesus.

I am not sure of the final sentence in this paragraph: "for the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy". A recent revision of the NIV rephrases this as "For it is the Spirit of prophecy who bears testimony to Jesus."

Revelation 19: 11-16, The white horse and its rider

I saw heaven standing open and there before me was a white horse, whose rider is called Faithful and True. With justice he judges and makes war.  His eyes are like blazing fire, and on his head are many crowns. He has a name written on him that no one knows but he himself.  He is dressed in a robe dipped in blood, and his name is the Word of God. 

The armies of heaven were following him, riding on white horses and dressed in fine linen, white and clean.  Out of his mouth comes a sharp sword with which to strike down the nations. "He will rule them with an iron scepter." He treads the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God Almighty.  On his robe and on his thigh he has this name written: KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS. 

The rider on the white horse is called "Faithful and True" and also "The Word of God." In context, this is another set of titles for Jesus. This image of Jesus has a tattoo on his thigh: "King of Kings, Lord of Lords."

What does it mean to wear a robe "dipped in blood"?

The "iron scepter" quote in verse 15 is from Psalm 2:9, a passage about the Messiah.

Revelation 19: 17-18, A supper of flesh…

And I saw an angel standing in the sun, who cried in a loud voice to all the birds flying in midair, "Come, gather together for the great supper of God, so that you may eat the flesh of kings, generals, and mighty men, of horses and their riders, and the flesh of all people, free and slave, small and great." 

Here the great supper of God is described as a feast on the bodies of those who helped Babylon. This is presumably a different type of feast than the wedding banquet mentioned earlier!

Revelation 19: 19-21, The capture of the beast and the false prophet

Then I saw the beast and the kings of the earth and their armies gathered together to make war against the rider on the horse and his army.  But the beast was captured, and with him the false prophet who had performed the miraculous signs on his behalf. With these signs he had deluded those who had received the mark of the beast and worshiped his image. 

The two of them were thrown alive into the fiery lake of burning sulfur.  The rest of them were killed with the sword that came out of the mouth of the rider on the horse, and all the birds gorged themselves on their flesh.

The battle is decisive; the demonic beings are thrown into the fiery lake and the rest, the kings and armies, are killed. But little else is said here about this final battle. The result is anticlimactic; it is done.

In the next passage we are introduced to the new heaven and the new earth.

Revelation 18, Ruin of Babylon

Babylon represents the a city, a kingdom, a world system opposed to God.

Revelation 18: 1-3, Babylon's destruction announced

After this I saw another angel coming down from heaven. He had great authority, and the earth was illuminated by his splendor.  With a mighty voice he shouted: "Fallen! Fallen is Babylon the Great! She has become a home for demons and a haunt for every evil spirit, a haunt for every unclean and detestable bird.  For all the nations have drunk the maddening wine of her adulteries. The kings of the earth committed adultery with her, and the merchants of the earth grew rich from her excessive luxuries." 

The world system, now fallen, is described as a place of evil – of evil spirits, greed and excess.

Revelation 18: 4-8, Babylon's destruction announced

Then I heard another voice from heaven say: "Come out of her, my people, so that you will not share in her sins, so that you will not receive any of her plagues; for her sins are piled up to heaven, and God has remembered her crimes. 

Give back to her as she has given; pay her back double for what she has done. Mix her a double portion from her own cup.  Give her as much torture and grief as the glory and luxury she gave herself. In her heart she boasts, `I sit as queen; I am not a widow, and I will never mourn.'  Therefore in one day her plagues will overtake her: death, mourning and famine. She will be consumed by fire, for mighty is the Lord God who judges her. 

The people of God are called to leave the world system and are reminded that that system will fall (or is falling.) 

Revelation 18: 9-10, People lament the end of the great earth city

"When the kings of the earth who committed adultery with her and shared her luxury see the smoke of her burning, they will weep and mourn over her.  Terrified at her torment, they will stand far off and cry: "`Woe! Woe, O great city, O Babylon, city of power! In one hour your doom has come!' 

The kings and those who benefited from her excess are terrified in her passing.

Revelation 18: 11-17a, Babylon's destruction announced

"The merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her because no one buys their cargoes any more--  cargoes of gold, silver, precious stones and pearls; fine linen, purple, silk and scarlet cloth; every sort of citron wood, and articles of every kind made of ivory, costly wood, bronze, iron and marble; cargoes of cinnamon and spice, of incense, myrrh and frankincense, of wine and olive oil, of fine flour and wheat; cattle and sheep; horses and carriages; and bodies and souls of men.  

"They will say, `The fruit you longed for is gone from you. All your riches and splendor have vanished, never to be recovered.' The merchants who sold these things and gained their wealth from her will stand far off, terrified at her torment. They will weep and mourn and cry out: "`Woe! Woe, O great city, dressed in fine linen, purple and scarlet, and glittering with gold, precious stones and pearls!  In one hour such great wealth has been brought to ruin!' 

Babylon is the center of commerce.  She is described as a city of wealth, luxury, prosperity. (Our modern capitalistic society should understand it well.) The End of Babylon brings an end to the wealth of traders and merchants and they, like the kings, grieve over their loss of profit and luxury.

Revelation 18: 17b-19, Babylon's destruction announced

"Every sea captain, and all who travel by ship, the sailors, and all who earn their living from the sea, will stand far off.  When they see the smoke of her burning, they will exclaim, `Was there ever a city like this great city?'  They will throw dust on their heads, and with weeping and mourning cry out: "`Woe! Woe, O great city, where all who had ships on the sea became rich through her wealth!

In one hour she has been brought to ruin! 

Here Babylon is described from the view of those at sea, the merchants and ships who benefited.

Is Babylon really a city?  In one moment she is a city (like Rome or New York City) and in another moment she is the empire (such as the Roman empire) represented by the city.

Revelation 18: 20 – 24, Babylon's end is sudden

Rejoice over her, O heaven! Rejoice, saints and apostles and prophets! God has judged her for the way she treated you.'" 

Then a mighty angel picked up a boulder the size of a large millstone and threw it into the sea, and said: "With such violence the great city of Babylon will be thrown down, never to be found again.  The music of harpists and musicians, flute players and trumpeters, will never be heard in you again. No workman of any trade will ever be found in you again. The sound of a millstone will never be heard in you again.  The light of a lamp will never shine in you again. The voice of bridegroom and bride will never be heard in you again. Your merchants were the world's great men. By your magic spell all the nations were led astray.  In her was found the blood of prophets and of the saints, and of all who have been killed on the earth."

The fall of Babylon is quick and dramatic.  And complete.

For further thought: Who would John's readers have identified with Babylon?  Would the identification be different today?

Revelation 17, The Prostitute of Babylon

The story of the seven plagues is interrupted in order to describe the end of Babylon, the world system opposed to God.

Revelation 17: 1-5, The Woman Babylon

One of the seven angels who had the seven bowls came and said to me, "Come, I will show you the punishment of the great prostitute, who sits on many waters.  With her the kings of the earth committed adultery and the inhabitants of the earth were intoxicated with the wine of her adulteries."

Then the angel carried me away in the Spirit into a desert. There I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast that was covered with blasphemous names and had seven heads and ten horns.  The woman was dressed in purple and scarlet, and was glittering with gold, precious stones and pearls. She held a golden cup in her hand, filled with abominable things and the filth of her adulteries.  This title was written on her forehead: 

MYSTERY BABYLON THE GREAT 

THE MOTHER OF PROSTITUTES AND 

OF THE ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH. 

The phrase, "Come, I will show you", may indicate the beginning of a final vision.

The prostitute sits on a scarlet beast, which has seven heads and ten horns, like beasts described earlier.  Babylon is alternately described as a great city and a prostitute.  Here she is a prostitute, sitting on a beast that is "covered with blasphemous names". For two thousand years, those who have hoped to understand this book have asked, "Who/what is Babylon?" It is clearly a world system opposed to Jesus and his kingdom. But can something more specific be said? Is it a particular country or city? (Rome, New York? Both been suggested.)

Revelation 17: 6-8, The beast explained

I saw that the woman was drunk with the blood of the saints, the blood of those who bore testimony to Jesus. When I saw her, I was greatly astonished. 

Then the angel said to me: "Why are you astonished? I will explain to you the mystery of the woman and of the beast she rides, which has the seven heads and ten horns.  The beast, which you saw, once was, now is not, and will come up out of the Abyss and go to his destruction. The inhabitants of the earth whose names have not been written in the book of life from the creation of the world will be astonished when they see the beast, because he once was, now is not, and yet will come. 

The woman enjoys the deaths of Christians.

The beast once was and "now is not".  What does that mean? Later, in the future, the beast will come up out of the Abyss...

Revelation 17: 9-14, The beast explained

"This calls for a mind with wisdom. The seven heads are seven hills on which the woman sits.  They are also seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, the other has not yet come; but when he does come, he must remain for a little while.  The beast who once was, and now is not, is an eighth king. He belongs to the seven and is going to his destruction.

"The ten horns you saw are ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom, but who for one hour will receive authority as kings along with the beast.  They have one purpose and will give their power and authority to the beast.  They will make war against the Lamb, but the Lamb will overcome them because he is Lord of lords and King of kings--and with him will be his called, chosen and faithful followers." 

Seven heads, seven hill, seven kings & then ten kings to come…  What are these? For many commentators, these represent the city of Rome, the center of the Roman empire, which was called the "city of seven hills".  Notice how the seventh king morphs into the eighth.  I think many of these symbols have more than one representative.

Despite the horror of the woman and the beast, the end of this war is certain; John assures us that the Lamb will be victorious, along with his faithful followers.

Revelation 17: 15-18, The beast against the prostitute

Then the angel said to me, "The waters you saw, where the prostitute sits, are peoples, multitudes, nations and languages.  The beast and the ten horns you saw will hate the prostitute. They will bring her to ruin and leave her naked; they will eat her flesh and burn her with fire. For God has put it into their hearts to accomplish his purpose by agreeing to give the beast their power to rule, until God's words are fulfilled.  The woman you saw is the great city that rules over the kings of the earth."

What will eventually be the relationship between the woman and the beast? Even if woman and beast both hate the followers of Jesus, they also hate each other?!

The woman "is the great city that rules over the kings of the earth."  In John's day that would have been Rome.

Revelation 16, Seven Bowls

After (or while) the earth is being harvested, seven angels emerge from the temple, carrying seven golden bowls filled with the wrath of God.

Revelation 16: 1-7, The first three bowls

Then I heard a loud voice from the temple saying to the seven angels, "Go, pour out the seven bowls of God's wrath on the earth." 

The first angel went and poured out his bowl on the land, and ugly and painful sores broke out on the people who had the mark of the beast and worshiped his image. 

The second angel poured out his bowl on the sea, and it turned into blood like that of a dead man, and every living thing in the sea died. 

The third angel poured out his bowl on the rivers and springs of water, and they became blood. 

Then I heard the angel in charge of the waters say: "You are just in these judgments, you who are and who were, the Holy One, because you have so judged; for they have shed the blood of your saints and prophets, and you have given them blood to drink as they deserve."  

And I heard the altar respond: "Yes, Lord God Almighty, true and just are your judgments." 

The work of the first angel assaults those who have worshipped the beast.  The work of the second angel assaults the sea and all that lives in it.  The bowl from the third angel destroys the rivers and springs of water.

Revelation 16: 8-11, Fourth and fifth bowls

The fourth angel poured out his bowl on the sun, and the sun was given power to scorch people with fire.  They were seared by the intense heat and they cursed the name of God, who had control over these plagues, but they refused to repent and glorify him. 

The fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast, and his kingdom was plunged into darkness. Men gnawed their tongues in agony and cursed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores, but they refused to repent of what they had done. 

The bowl from the fourth angel assaults the sky and weather.  The bowl from the fifth angel plunges the kingdom of the beast into darkness.

These plagues have some similarities to those of Exodus as Moses frees the Israelites from the rule of the Pharaoh.  (See Exodus 7-10.)

What a condemnation:  "They refused to repent of what they had done."

Note the parallels with the sounding of the seven trumpets in Revelation 8: 6-13, as earth, sea, rivers and sky, in that order, are corrupted and destroyed.

Revelation 16: 12-14, The sixth bowl

The sixth angel poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates, and its water was dried up to prepare the way for the kings from the East.  

Then I saw three evil spirits that looked like frogs; they came out of the mouth of the dragon, out of the mouth of the beast and out of the mouth of the false prophet. They are spirits of demons performing miraculous signs, and they go out to the kings of the whole world, to gather them for the battle on the great day of God Almighty. 

A great battle is planned -- with kings attacking from the "East" (east of the Euphrates) and spirits drawing all the kings of the world toward this final battle.

Revelation 16: 15, Like a thief

"Behold, I come like a thief! Blessed is he who stays awake and keeps his clothes with him, so that he may not go naked and be shamefully exposed."  

A parenthetical remark is made to the church to remind them of their role.

Revelation 16: 16-21, The great earthquake and hailstones, the end of Babylon

Then they gathered the kings together to the place that in Hebrew is called Armageddon. 

The seventh angel poured out his bowl into the air, and out of the temple came a loud voice from the throne, saying, "It is done!" Then there came flashes of lightning, rumblings, peals of thunder and a severe earthquake.  No earthquake like it has ever occurred since man has been on earth, so tremendous was the quake.  The great city split into three parts, and the cities of the nations collapsed. God remembered Babylon the Great and gave her the cup filled with the wine of the fury of his wrath. 

Every island fled away and the mountains could not be found.  From the sky huge hailstones of about a hundred pounds each fell upon men. And they cursed God on account of the plague of hail, because the plague was so terrible.

As Armageddon begins, the earth breaks up, the "great city" is split into part and the nations collapse. The description here is of a dramatic event that is a culmination of the earlier "woes".

Revelation 15, Seven Angels Emerge From the Temple

The earth is being harvested, the grapes of wrath are gathered for God's winepress.  In this chapter we see seven angels and seven last plagues, the vials (or bowls) of wrath.

We are now in the final stage.  The view shifts increasingly toward heaven; the earth is done.

There seems to still be plagues, punishment, wrath, but maybe this is the same set of events, yet from a different parallel perspective?

Revelation 15: 1, Seven last plagues

I saw in heaven another great and marvelous sign: seven angels with the seven last plagues--last, because with them God's wrath is completed. 

Why is this sign marvelous?  The term "marvelous" here might be interpreted as "dramatic" or "beyond comprehension".

Revelation 15: 2-4, The sea of glass (interlude)

And I saw what looked like a sea of glass mixed with fire and, standing beside the sea, those who had been victorious over the beast and his image and over the number of his name. They held harps given them by God and sang the song of Moses the servant of God and the song of the Lamb: "Great and marvelous are your deeds, Lord God Almighty. Just and true are your ways, King of the ages. Who will not fear you, O Lord, and bring glory to your name? For you alone are holy. All nations will come and worship before you, for your righteous acts have been revealed."

We have a brief interlude to emphasize the worship that goes on, even amid this destruction. The heavenly image is one of peace and calm, along with praise.

Revelation 15: 5-8, The tabernacle in heaven 

After this I looked and in heaven the temple, that is, the tabernacle of the Testimony, was opened.  Out of the temple came the seven angels with the seven plagues. They were dressed in clean, shining linen and wore golden sashes around their chests.  

Then one of the four living creatures gave to the seven angels seven golden bowls filled with the wrath of God, who lives for ever and ever.  And the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God and from his power, and no one could enter the temple until the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed.

The seven plagues are distributed.  

What does it mean to open the temple?  Why can no one enter the temple until the plagues are distributed?

Revelation 14, Grapes of Wrath

Two beasts have been released to roam the earth.

Revelation 14: 1-5, The new song

Then I looked, and there before me was the Lamb, standing on Mount Zion, and with him 144,000 who had his name and his Father's name written on their foreheads.  And I heard a sound from heaven like the roar of rushing waters and like a loud peal of thunder. The sound I heard was like that of harpists playing their harps.  And they sang a new song before the throne and before the four living creatures and the elders. No one could learn the song except the 144,000 who had been redeemed from the earth.  These are those who did not defile themselves with women, for they kept themselves pure. They follow the Lamb wherever he goes. They were purchased from among men and offered as firstfruits to God and the Lamb.  No lie was found in their mouths; they are blameless. 

Apparently the 144,000 are separate from the "multitudes" before the throne?  Do they represent Israel vs. Gentiles? Is the number 144,000 literal?  Or is it symbolic of tribes of people?

"Men who have not defiled themselves with women", such a strange phrase. A more recent version of the NIV translates "for they kept themselves pure" as "for they remained virgins." Surely this is an allusion to earlier statements about sexual immorality in the seven churches (with Jezebel, etc.)

Revelation 14: 6-12, The message of the three angels

Then I saw another angel flying in midair, and he had the eternal gospel to proclaim to those who live on the earth--to every nation, tribe, language and people.  He said in a loud voice, "Fear God and give him glory, because the hour of his judgment has come. Worship him who made the heavens, the earth, the sea and the springs of water." 

A second angel followed and said, "Fallen! Fallen is Babylon the Great, which made all the nations drink the maddening wine of her adulteries." 

A third angel followed them and said in a loud voice: "If anyone worships the beast and his image and receives his mark on the forehead or on the hand, he, too, will drink of the wine of God's fury, which has been poured full strength into the cup of his wrath. He will be tormented with burning sulfur in the presence of the holy angels and of the Lamb.  And the smoke of their torment rises for ever and ever. There is no rest day or night for those who worship the beast and his image, or for anyone who receives the mark of his name." 

Why is the angel's message called a "gospel"?  (ie. "good news")? It does not sound so good! The first angel says that all are to worship the Creator; the second announces the fall of Babylon; the third warns about worshiping the beast or his image.

Revelation 14: 12-13, Martyrs

This calls for patient endurance on the part of the saints who obey God's commandments and remain faithful to Jesus. 

Then I heard a voice from heaven say, "Write: Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord from now on." 

"Yes," says the Spirit, "they will rest from their labor, for their deeds will follow them." 

Another reminder – a brief interlude – to remind Christians to "hang in there". The world is being destroyed yet God has a greater plan, a plan set at the beginning of Creation, a plan that goes beyond mere physical death.

Revelation 14: 14-16, The harvest begins

I looked, and there before me was a white cloud, and seated on the cloud was one "like a son of man"  with a crown of gold on his head and a sharp sickle in his hand.  

Then another angel came out of the temple and called in a loud voice to him who was sitting on the cloud, "Take your sickle and reap, because the time to reap has come, for the harvest of the earth is ripe."  

So he who was seated on the cloud swung his sickle over the earth, and the earth was harvested. 

The One on the cloud (the Son of Man, the Messiah) is prepared to "harvest" the earth. See Matthew 13: 24-30, for this metaphor of harvesting the earth. For an Old Testament vision of the Son of Man, see Daniel 7:13.

Revelation 14: 17-20, Grapes of wrath

Another angel came out of the temple in heaven, and he too had a sharp sickle.  Still another angel, who had charge of the fire, came from the altar and called in a loud voice to him who had the sharp sickle, "Take your sharp sickle and gather the clusters of grapes from the earth's vine, because its grapes are ripe."  The angel swung his sickle on the earth, gathered its grapes and threw them into the great winepress of God's wrath.  They were trampled in the winepress outside the city, and blood flowed out of the press, rising as high as the horses' bridles for a distance of 1,600 stadia.

1600 stadia is about 180 miles, about 300 kilometers,  (An athletic stadium is about one stadium in length!)

Is this the end of the tribulation and despair?  No.  More calamities and warnings will follow.

Revelation 13, Two Beasts

After the death of the witnesses in chapter 11, and their resurrection, we see heaven opened.  There is war in heaven and Satan is cast down to earth, where he pursues a woman giving birth to a male child. Now the dragon and beast dominate the earth.

This chapter ends with the infamous 666.

Revelation 13: 1-4, A beast comes out of the sea

And the dragon stood on the shore of the sea. And I saw a beast coming out of the sea. He had ten horns and seven heads, with ten crowns on his horns, and on each head a blasphemous name.  The beast I saw resembled a leopard, but had feet like those of a bear and a mouth like that of a lion. The dragon gave the beast his power and his throne and great authority.  

One of the heads of the beast seemed to have had a fatal wound, but the fatal wound had been healed. The whole world was astonished and followed the beast.  Men worshiped the dragon because he had given authority to the beast, and they also worshiped the beast and asked, "Who is like the beast? Who can make war against him?" 

NIV footnotes: Some late manuscripts say "And I stood on the shore of the sea" instead of "And the dragon stood on the shore of the sea" 

A new villain, another beast, appears, as the devil concentrates on earth. See Daniel 7 for the first appearance of the beasts.

How does the earth react to the Beast out of the Sea?

Revelation 13: 5-8, More on the beast

The beast was given a mouth to utter proud words and blasphemies and to exercise his authority for forty-two months.  He opened his mouth to blaspheme God, and to slander his name and his dwelling place and those who live in heaven.  He was given power to make war against the saints and to conquer them. And he was given authority over every tribe, people, language and nation.  All inhabitants of the earth will worship the beast--all whose names have not been written in the book of life belonging to the Lamb that was slain from the creation of the world.

NIV footnotes: The Greek is not clear on what event is "from the creation of the world".  It could be the slaying of the Lamb (as implied in the order of the text, above) or it could be the writing of names in the book of life.  So another translation might be "all whose names have not been written from the creation of the world in the book of life belonging to the Lamb that was slain." Regardless, this all is to be seen as a plan that began at the creation.

Is the beast a literal historical figure?  How long is his authority?

List the different items which lasted 3 1/2 years – the witnesses, the woman in the desert, the beast….

Revelation 13: 9-10, Need for endurance

He who has an ear, let him hear.  If anyone is to go into captivity, into captivity he will go. If anyone is to be killed with the sword, with the sword he will be killed. This calls for patient endurance and faithfulness on the part of the saints. 

What is the message of Revelation 13:9?  Why is it emphasized here?  (This repeats a primary message of Revelation – patient endurance.)

Revelation 13: 11-15, A second beast

Then I saw another beast, coming out of the earth. He had two horns like a lamb, but he spoke like a dragon.  He exercised all the authority of the first beast on his behalf, and made the earth and its inhabitants worship the first beast, whose fatal wound had been healed.  And he performed great and miraculous signs, even causing fire to come down from heaven to earth in full view of men.  

Because of the signs he was given power to do on behalf of the first beast, he deceived the inhabitants of the earth. He ordered them to set up an image in honor of the beast who was wounded by the sword and yet lived.  He was given power to give breath to the image of the first beast, so that it could speak and cause all who refused to worship the image to be killed. 

A second beast arrives, this time out of the earth

Here are the characters since chapter 11.

1. Two Witnesses (Rev 11)
2. The Beast from the Abyss, killer of the Witnesses (Rev 11)
3. The Pregnant Woman and her Child,
4. The Dragon (7 heads, 10 hours), identified as Satan,
5. Michael, the archangel.
6. First Beast (out of the sea)
7. Second Beast (out of the earth), who works for the First Beast

Revelation 13: 16-18, The mark of the second beast

He also forced everyone, small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on his right hand or on his forehead, so that no one could buy or sell unless he had the mark, which is the name of the beast or the number of his name.  This calls for wisdom. If anyone has insight, let him calculate the number of the beast, for it is man's number. His number is 666.

The Second Beast is associated with the number 666. This number has generated lots of stories and speculation, most of them useless.  I will summarize some of these in another post.